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Definition of BACKLOG
1. A large log at the back of a hearth fire
2. An accumulation of tasks unperformed or materials not processed

  1. Delivered and start building a user base or testing your hypothesis. Agile is based on accommodating change. Software projects consistently change. As a product comes to life or the market expands. Of all the product features generally defined by “user stories”. User stories define everything potential users want to do on the site.
  2. May 4, 2016 - About this guide; Overview of bittorrent; Links and references. To download, and the tracker gives you the ip address of the users you download them from. The short story is that buffers represent a sequence of raw bytes.

Burn the first slowly and the second quickly.

The Team Backlog contains user and enabler Stories that originate from the Program Backlog, as well as stories that arise locally from the team’s local context. It may include other work items as well, representing all the things a team needs to do to advance their portion of the system.

The Product Owner (PO) is responsible for the team backlog. Since it includes both user stories and enablers, it’s essential to allocate capacity in a way that balances investments across conflicting needs. The allocation takes into account both the needs of the Agile Release Train (ART) and a team.

While ‘backlog’ seems to be a simple notion, there are some critical concepts behind it, for example:

  • Indeed, it contains all things. If an item is in there, it might get done. If it isn’t, there is no chance that it will get done.
  • It’s a list of ‘want to do’ items, not a commitment. Items can be estimated (preferable) or not, but neither case implies a specific time commitment for completion.
  • It has a single owner—the Product Owner—who protects the team from the problem of multiple stakeholders, each with potentially divergent views of what’s important.
  • All team members can enter stories into the backlog.
  • It contains user and enabler stories, and improvement stories, which are those stories that capture the results of the team’s Iteration Retrospective.

The team backlog conveniently hides some of the complexity of Agile at scale. Figure 1 illustrates a view of the team backlog with its three primary input sources.

The program backlog consists of upcoming features that are planned to be delivered by an ART. During Program Increment (PI) Planning, the candidate features for the PI are split into stories by the teams and tentatively scheduled into upcoming Iterations in the team backlog.

Teams in the ART are not islands, and their backlogs will contain some stories that support other teams’ work and the ART’s PI Objectives. These can include spikes for research and estimation of features, Capabilities, and even Epics.

In addition to the stories needed to fulfill features, the team typically has a backlog of local stories representing new functionality, refactors, defects, research, and other technical debt. These are written as enabler stories, which are estimated, and prioritized like user stories.

Optimizing Value Delivery and System Health with Capacity Allocation

Just like the ART itself, every team faces the problem of how to balance the backlog of internally facing work—maintenance, refactors, and technical debt—with the new user stories that deliver more immediate business value.

Focusing solely on business functionality may work for a bit and even provide immediate gratification to the market, but this will be short-lived, as delivery velocity eventually will be slowed by a crushing load of technical debt. Teams continuously invest in evolving the architecture of the solution, as well as keeping existing customers happy with bug fixes and enhancements to avoid the need for wholesale replacement of the system due to technological obsolescence,

Balancing the different types of work complicates the challenge of prioritization, as the PO is trying to compare the value of unlike things: defects, refactors, redesigns, technology upgrades, and new user stories. And there is no upper limit to the demand for any of these things!

Just like the program backlog, teams apply ‘capacity allocation’ to the team backlog to determine how much of their total effort can be used for each type of activity in given timebox, as Figure 2 illustrates. The PO in collaboration with the teams select the highest-priority backlog items for each ‘slice’ of the capacity allocation to implement in an iteration.

For stories that are committed to the program, sequencing is probably already predetermined by PI planning commitments. But for a specific team’s local stories, the PO can sequence those using ‘value/size’ or even apply full Weighted Shortest Job First (WSJF) where it is beneficial. Also, to balance long-term product health and value delivery, the percentage allocation to each type can be changed over time, typically done at PI boundaries.

Backlog Refinement

The team backlog must always contain some stories that are ready for implementation without significant risk or surprise. Agile teams take a flow-based approach to maintain this level of backlog readiness, typically by having at least one team backlog refinement workshop per iteration (or even one per week). The sole focus of backlog refinement is to look at the upcoming stories (and features, as appropriate), discuss, and estimate, and establish an initial understanding of acceptance criteria.

The backlog refinement process is continuous and should not be limited to a single-meeting timebox. Teams applying Behavior-Driven Development will typically invest even more time up-front in developing specific acceptance tests but benefit from a rich set of (potentially) automated functional tests that can continuously validate their solution. Also, as multiple teams are doing backlog refinement, new issues, dependencies, and stories are likely to result. In this way, backlog refinement helps surface problems with the current plan, which will come under discussion in ART sync meetings.

Learn More

[1] Leffingwell, Dean. Agile Software Requirements: Lean Requirements Practices for Teams, Programs, and the Enterprise. Addison-Wesley, 2011.

Last update: 2 October 2018

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(A Kent Beck Signature Book)

Thoroughly reviewed and eagerly anticipated by the agile community, User Stories Applied offers a requirements process that saves time, eliminates rework, and leads directly to better software.
The best way to build software that meets users' needs is to begin with 'user stories': simple, clear, brief descriptions of functionality that will be valuable to real users. In Use...more
Published March 11th 2004 by Addison-Wesley Professional (first published March 1st 2004)
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Sep 26, 2012Aleksander rated it liked it
Shelves: project-management, software-engineering
User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development is a decent introduction to user stories. The book could have benefitted from more depth on user stories and a little less breadth on adjoining topics. It is from 2004 and is starting to show its age.
The user story is a frequently used tool in agile software development methods such as eXtreme Programming (XP) and Scrum. It is used both for documenting the existence of a requirement and as a worm package for use in scope planning and schedulin...more
Feb 20, 2009Mike Staten rated it did not like it
Written from an engineer's perspective, it provides a good overview of the Agile Methodology but an uninformed approach to requirements gathering / needs assessment.
Apr 06, 2018Nahuel Franchi rated it really liked it
Works well both as an introduction to agile practices with a focus on user stories and I can strongly recommend it if you are new to Agile as a whole.
Works very well also in case you have experience with agile practices, but less theoretical background on why certain practices work the way they do, I also recommend if you have previous experience in Agile, software development or project management.
Very well written and easy to follow.
One of the best books I have read about Agile approach. Focusing on the User Stories as the center of the Agile methodology, it provides very useful and practical information; regarding how to write good stories, and how to use them as a reliable tool for estimation and planning.
Jul 26, 2018Gavin rated it did not like it
I recently learned a fundamental dichotomy in expressing oneself: you use either the 'esoteric' or the 'exoteric' mode. (The exoteric writer says exactly what she means, minimises ambiguity and tries to do everything with explicit reasoning, for the largest audience they can, with imagery and irony only as decoration. The esoteric writer – distinct from, but often coextensive with the woo-woo mystical metaphysics fans also called esoteric – does the converse.
Most ancient writers wrote esoterica...more
Mar 20, 2018John Tangney rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Fantastic! I was very impressed with how this subject was treated. Very clear, plenty of background explication, just the kind of clear approach that I wish I was better at. I generally point ppl to Bill Wake’s INVEST acronym and leave it at that :-( He even goes into roles, which is something that I started doing back in the 80’s as I learned about what we used to call “user-centered design”.
Mr. Cohn did a good job. However, some subjects are no longer relevant in modern agile dev, such as esti...more
This short book promises to explain what User Stories are, what they aren't, how to create and utilize them within an Agile/XP approach, and finally how to bring everything together in a short, yet relatively realistic case study. It delivers exactly what it promises and the exercises at the end of the chapters, although not always very well crafted, help the reader to capture the essence of each chapter, as well as focus on the pitfalls. It is not repetitive and does not try to be everything fo...more

User Stories Template

Overall, it's not too bad - I'm on the 3.5 rating really (4 stars for me is 'yes I'll read again). I'll probably refer back to it every now and then, but am more likely to go to Mike's website if I want more specific information.
I came at this as a BA with a fair bit of experience and was looking a quick light and easily digestible overview of stories - which this is. However, as another reviewer has noted, this book is definitely coming at the topic from the perspective of a software engineer,...more
Aug 27, 2017Bart Decaigny rated it it was ok
Two stars might not seem much... but I honnestly don't think it should be much more. It's worth reading for having a baseline of the concept of user stories, but a whole book about a (simple) concept is quite a lot, especially as the example used throughout the book is pretty shallow. In practice, half of what is gone over quickly (e.g. non-functional requirements, refactoring): that simply doesn't work out with user stories. Good for somebody just starting with some agile concepts, but too simp...more
This book is from 2004 and I found it has aged a lot. Reading for the first time in 2019, I find it barely scratches the surface of User Stories.
Don't get me wrong, it is a good introduction to the topic. But I would combine it with User Story Mapping, as mapping the stories provides an excellent way of having that first story workshop that will generate stories.
Another aspect I didn't like was the fact the book is full of typos!!
All in all, a good introductory book to one requirements gathering...more
May 26, 2019Tolique Iurkin rated it it was amazing
It answered on many questions I collected over the years by writing stories in a very simple manner.
Here are my top findings:
- Stories should be as a slice of a cake. Story should fit in the sprint and should include all layers of the application;
- Story should be closed with an achievement;
- Keep the UI Out as Long as Possible;
- Keep user stories short, and don't forget their purpose as reminders to hold conversations;
- INVEST story principals: independent, negotiable, valuable to the user, s...more
Jul 21, 2018Aditya Kulkarni rated it really liked it · review of another edition
I believe as I am reading this in 2018, there are some inherent biases I have about how to write a user story.
While it made me revisit the basics of a user story, it is worthwhile to mention that readers WILL need a grasp of their own organization/team members in order to implement these practices.
All in all, a good read indeed, for those who are just starting with user stories, this book will definitely help. I liked the part where Mike has explained the core of story-pointing. When estimating...more
Aug 30, 2018Daniel Irvine rated it really liked it
If you’re on a team that follows scrum, you really need a clear understanding of user stories. Without that, tracking velocity and finding a sustainable pace becomes so much harder. Thankfully this book covers not just how to write great user stories but also how to estimate stories and track your team’s velocity. Interestingly, it also includes a section on XP rather than scrum, which is a real bonus.
Feb 20, 2018Dalan Mendonca rated it really liked it
Lucidly written. Great way to wrap your head around the topic. Has a good amount of examples to help one understand the concepts and process well.
Book feels a bit dated with (now laughable) lines like 'Most software projects will do best with a new release every two to six months. Certain website projects may release even more frequently' but nonetheless most of the content felt useful even in 2018.
This book has largely become unnecessary since it's initial publication. The contents are still accurate and relevant, but an hour or two on Google and Wikipedia (or a couple of days attending agile ceremonies) will entirely preclude the need to read this book.
Apr 01, 2019Marianna rated it liked it
This book gives some practical info about user stories and the examples included can help you understand how to write good user stories. Despite my concern that it might be a bit outdated, I feel like I will refer back to the book from time to time.
Nov 22, 2017TruongSinh Tran-Nguyen rated it really liked it

Download Torrent Introduction To User Stories For Students

Shelves: scrum-org-product-backlog-managemen, scrum-org, tech-at-smarp
Most parts are good, coming from the author's own experience and opinion. However, this book refers to oudated, sometimes contradicted concept of the latest 2017 ScrumGuide.
I expected some budgeting and financial planing for projects and releases but didn't see them in this book.
Aug 10, 2017Iryna Lomachynska rated it really liked it
Great book for those who are new for User Stories. It explains clearly and with many examples the User Stories lifecycle: from the user roles identification, creating personas, brainstorming the stories, making decomposition to esrtimation and progress tracking.
Must read for BA doing agile
Jun 29, 2017Ankit Agrawal rated it really liked it
Great read, a complete insight into user stories with questions and an example project !! What else could you ask for ....
Mar 13, 2019Wanda rated it liked it
Torn between a 3 or a 4. This is a good book for the beginner. I feel the book may be a little outdated. I expected a little more in-depth detail from an entire book about user stories.
I’m not a big fan of self teaching books, but this one is an interesting read to anyone learning/using agile developement in their current job. Quite well defined terms, rules, roles, workflows etc.
Apr 27, 2019Marco Bizzarri rated it really liked it
Nice book about user stories from XP; it includes a chapter on how to adapt the User Stories to Scrum.
Oct 22, 2018Chandan Khatwani rated it it was amazing
Another great book by Mike. Get your client on board with user stories.
Mar 18, 2018Tiago Palhoto rated it really liked it
Dec 04, 2016Amr added it
Skimmed it quickly to refresh my mind. Here are some quotes:
--
I remember many years ago being told a story about a child at bath time. The child's father has filled the bath tub and is helping his child into the water. The young child, probably two or three years old, dips a toe in the water, quickly removes it, and tells her father 'make it warmer.' The father puts his hand into the water and is surprised to find that, rather than too cold, the water is already warmer than what his daughter is...more
Nov 18, 2012Gleb Sevruk rated it did not like it
Overrated. This is not that bad as original scrum books from Ken Swabner, but still has a little to do with agile. Author is in the same boat with scrumalliance and selling certificates.
You should learn history and got to know that Evo Project Management established in 1960. Here is the source of agile:
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1...
Authors claim that is mathematically impossible to fail the project using Evo. What does Mike Cohn offer? Just write user story and do retrospective?
What d...more
Good summary of agile and especially scrum and extreme engineering. I would have loved to see agile philosophy also covered into the book. How product managers do prior research before having a user story is also missing.
The book is easy to read and comprehend.
Mar 02, 2010David Workman rated it really liked it
Shelves: books-i-read-in-2010, software-development, design-process
This is probably one of the best books I've read for a long time for software design. The method of using user stories as laid out in this book is a great way of obtaining a high level view of the requirements of a system, and the constant communication and feedback with customers that the described development strategy suggests is a good method of moving from the high level stories down towards the nitty gritty details of an implementation.
Possibly the most useful part of the book though is the...more
Nov 20, 2011Arjen rated it really liked it

Creating User Stories

Shelves: computing, on-shelf-work, non-dutch, non-fiction
Decent book by Mike Cohn about user stories. Since we are applying SCRUM for the development process in our tiny company and I had no prior knowledge to SCRUM nor user stories, this book seemed like a good primer introducing me in those concepts.
I was right. Don't expect any ground breaking or world moving theories here. Just a very clear and thorough explanation of what user stories are, what user stories are not, how they relate to alternative requirement gathering strategies and how to use th...more
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Mike Cohn is the owner of Mountain Goat Software and is recognized as one of the contributors to the invention of Scrum. He is one of the founders of the Scrum Alliance and is a Certified Scrum Trainer. He is a trainer on Scrum and agile software process techniques and helped popularize Planning poker which he provides as a free online planning tool.
From Wikipedia.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki...more
A Kent Beck Signature Book(7 books)